Louis XIV of France - by Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701)
Wikipedia "Louis XIV of France"

Louis XV of France - by Hyacinthe Rigaud (1730)
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury - by Hyacinthe Rigaud (1730)
Virtual ruler of France - 1726-1743
Château de Versailles
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour - by François Boucher - c. 1750
National Gallery of Scotland
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

Madame de Pompadour - by François Hubert Drouais - 1763-64
National Gallery, London
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

The French Philosophes

Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) - by Louis Elle-Ferdinand (Rouen, winter 1674-1675)
National Gallery, London
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Wikipedia "Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu"

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu
Versailles:  Musée national du château et des Trianons
Wikipedia "Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu"

Die Tafelrunde - by Adolph von Menzel
Guests of Frederick the Great, in Marble Hall at Sanssouci,
include members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and
Voltaire (seated, third from left)
Wikipedia "Voltaire"

François-Marie Arouet - Voltaire (1694-1778) - by Nicolas de Largillière - 1718
Musée Carnavalet, Paris
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

Voltaire - by Jean-Antoine Houdon - 1781
Musée Carnavalet, Paris
Wikipedia "Louis XV of France"

Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron d'Holbach - by Alexander Roslin (1785)
one of the first self-described atheists in Europe
Wikipedia "Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron d'Holbach"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - by Maurice-Quentin La Tour - 1753
Wikipedia "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - by Allan Ramsey - 1766
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
Wikipedia "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"

Portrait of Denis Diderot (1713-1784) - by Louis Michel van Loo - 1767
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Wikipedia "Denis Diderot"

Portrait of Denis Diderot - by Jean-Honoré Fragonard - 1769
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Wikipedia "Denis Diderot"

The Title Page of Diderot's Encyclopia (1751)
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Wikipedia "Denis Diderot"

Jean Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) - by Maurice Quentin de La Tour
Wikipedia "Jean le Rond d'Alembert"

Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771)
engraving by Augustin de Saint-Aubin after a painting by Michel van Loo
Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris
Wikipedia "Claude Adrien Helvétius"

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)
Wikipedia "Marquis de Condorcet"

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune (1727-1781)
Wikipedia "Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune"

The English monarchy during the Enlightenment

Charles II of England in the robes of the Order of the Garter
reigned 1660-1685
Wikipedia, "Charles II of England"

Portrait of King James II (1633 - 1701) by the studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller
reigned 1660-1685
Wikipedia, "James II of England"

Portrait of King James II (1686) by Nicolas de Largillière
Wikipedia, "James II of England"

William III King of England, II of Scotland and Dutch Stadtholder William III of Orange
- after an original by Peter Lely (1677)
reigned with Mary II (1689-1694); sole ruler from 1694-1702)
Wikipedia, "William III of England"

Mary II (co-ruler of England with William: 1689-1694) - by Sir Peter Lely
William married his first cousin, daughter of his uncle and English king James II, in 1677
Wikipedia, "William III of England"

William III of England - by Sir Godfrey Kneller
Wikipedia, "William III of England"

Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland  (1665-1714) - by Michael Dahl (1705)
(reigned 1702-1714)
Wikipedia, "Anne of Great Britain"

Portrait of Anne in 1702 the year she became queen, from the school of John Closterman
Wikipedia, "Anne of Great Britain"

Portrait of Anne
Tinted engraving from an atlas commissoned by Augustus the Strong (Duke of Saxony), 1706-1710
Wikipedia, "Anne of Great Britain"

George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland, Prince-Elector of Hannover as Knight of the Garter
c. 1714 - Studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller
Wikipedia, "George I of Great Britain"

George I with his family - by James Thornhill
Wikipedia, "George I of Great Britain"

George II of Great Britain and Ireland, Prince-Elector of Hannover (1683–1760).
(1727, the year of his succession)
Wikipedia, "George II of Great Britain"

George II of Great Britain
Wikipedia, "George II of Great Britain"

George III (1738-1820) of Great Britain in coronation robes - by Allan Ramsay (1761-1762)
reigned 1760-1820
National Portrait Gallery, London
Wikipedia, "George III of the United Kingdom"

George III - mezzotint after a painting by Johann Zoffany (1771)
National Portrait Gallery, London
Wikipedia, "George III of the United Kingdom"

English philosophers and scientists during the Enlightenment

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - by John Michael Wright
National Portrait Gallery, London
Wikipedia, "Thomas Hobbes"

Hobbes' Leviathan (1651)
Wikipedia, "Thomas Hobbes"

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)  - by Godfrey Kneller (1689 - age 46)
Wikipedia, "Isaac Newton"

Isaac Newton - by Godfrey Kneller (1702)
National Portrait Gallery London
Wikipedia, "Isaac Newton"

Newton's own copy of his Principia (1687), with hand-written corrections for the second edition
The first edition was published under the imprint of Samuel Pepys who was president of the Royal Society.
By the time of the second edition, Newton himself had become president of the Royal Society, as noted in his corrections.
The Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Wikipedia, "Isaac Newton"

Sir Isaac Newton, from a portrait by Sir James Thornhill in 1712
Woolsthorpe Manor
Wikipedia, "Isaac Newton"

John Locke (1632-1704) - by Herman Verelst - 1689
Wikipedia, "John Locke"

Portrait of John Locke
Wikipedia, "John Locke"

Portrait of John Locke, by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1697)
Collection of Sir Robert Walpole, Houghton Hall
Wikipedia, "John Locke"

Portrait of David Hume (1711-`1776), by Allan Ramsay (1766)
Scottish National Portrait Gallery
Wikipedia, "David Hume"

Profile of Adam Smith (1723-1790).  Original work in 1787. Etching produced in 1811, 1828 or 1872
The original depiction of Smith was created in 1787 By James Tassie in the form of an enamel paste medallion.
Wikipedia, "Adam Smith"

Edmund Burke (1729-1797) - by the studio of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1771)
Wikipedia, "Edmund Burke"

Edmund Burke - Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
Wikipedia, "Edmund Burke"

A literary party at Sir Joshua Reynolds's' by D. George Thompson (1851),
Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), Painter James Boswell (1740-1795), Edmund Burke (1729-1797),
Statesman. Charles Burney (1726-1814), Musician David Garrick (1717-1779), Actor, Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774),
Writer Pascal Paoli (1725-1807), Corsican soldier. Dr Johnson (1709-1784),lexicographer.
Thomas Warton (1728-1790), Historian
National Portrait Gallery, London
Wikipedia, "Edmund Burke"

Frederick II ('the Great') of Prussia (1712-1786) aged 68 - by Anton Graff (1781)
reigned 1740-1786
Berlin, Schloss Charlottenburg
Wikipedia, "Frederick II of Prussia"

German Philosophers of the Enlighttenment

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) - by Bernhard Christoph Francke (ca. 1700)
Braunschweig, Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum
Wikipedia, "Gottfried Leibniz"

From a painting of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Wikipedia, "Immanuel Kant"

Immanuel Kant
Wikipedia, "Immanuel Kant"

Immanuel Kant
Wikipedia, "Immanuel Kant"

Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803)
Wikipedia, "Johann Gottfried Herder"
 

Johann Gottfried Herder around his 50th year
Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens
Wikipedia, "Johann Gottfried Herder"

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) - by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein (1787)
Frankfurt am Main, Städelsches Kunstinstitut
Wikipedia, "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) - by Luise Seidler (1811)
Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens
Wikipedia, "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in his 70th year - by Joseph Karl Stieler (1828)
Wikipedia, "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"

Other Nationals

Catherine II of Russia (1729-1796) by Johann-Baptist Lampi the Elder
reigned 1762-1796
Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum
Wikipedia, "Catherine II of Russia"

Catherine II of Russia
Wikipedia, "Catherine II of Russia"

Catherine II of Russia - by Vladimir Borovikovsky
Wikipedia, "Catherine II of Russia"

Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677)
Collection of the Herzog-August-Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel
Wikipedia, "Baruch Spinoza"